While age at diagnosis may influence the rate of MS progression, it appears not to be the only factor.
Most people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are diagnosed between age 20 and 50, though it can occur in children as well as in older adults, according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS).
About 85 percent of people diagnosed with MS are initially diagnosed with the relapsing form of the condition, usually referred to as relapsing-remitting MS, which is characterized by periods of active symptoms — sometimes called flares or exacerbations — alternating with periods of less-severe symptoms.
Eventually, as many as 90 percent of these people reach a stage known as secondary-progressive MS (SPMS), in which symptoms gradually worsen and a person experiences increasing levels of disability. That might include more difficulty walking, loss of stamina, and cognitive problems. Some people with SPMS continue to experience relapses, but many don’t.
The transition from relapsing-remitting MS to secondary-progressive MS appears to be age dependent, with the forties being the most common period to experience it, according to a review article published in 2021.
However, the authors of the review noted that a diagnosis of SPMS can only be retrospective (after the fact), because there is no consensus among experts regarding any specific diagnostic criteria for disability progression, nor are there any definitive biomarkers of progression. That inherent time gap limits doctors’ ability to treat MS progression in its early stages.
Age at Diagnosis and MS Progression
The thinking used to be that MS progressed more quickly in people diagnosed at an older age. Indeed, research published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry found that children diagnosed with MS took longer to develop secondary-progressive disease (32 years) than adults diagnosed with MS (18 years), and they also took longer to reach disability milestones.
But the study authors noted that those diagnosed as children hit disability milestones at a younger age and therefore could be considered to have a poorer prognosis.
Helen Tremlett, PhD, a professor at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver and the former Canada research chair in neuroepidemiology and multiple sclerosis, says that her work since 2006 has shown that late-onset MS does not necessarily mean “a worse outcome for the patient.”
Dr. Tremlett participated in a study published in the European Journal of Neurology, which investigated whether the use of the widely prescribed MS drugs known as beta interferons delays the onset of secondary-progressive MS; it found that they do not.
However, a subsequent study suggested otherwise. When researchers compared MS medications including beta interferons, glatiramer (Copaxone, Glatopa), fingolimod (Gilenya), natalizumab (Tysabri), and alemtuzumab (Campath, Lemtrada) versus no treatment at all, they found that treatment with any of these medications was associated with a lower risk of transition to SPMS.
In particular, fingolimod, natalizumab, and alemtuzumab were associated with the lowest risk of progression to SPMS, and treatment was especially beneficial when started sooner — less than five years after disease onset — rather than later.
Tremlett also coauthored a systematic review of MS research that looked at risk factors associated with onset, relapses, and progression in MS. The review focused on factors that are modifiable, and among these, smoking appeared to accelerate disease progression.
And a study from 2020 in the journal Neurology also identified smoking, along with older age, greater disability, motor and brain stem dysfunction, and spinal lesions at the time of diagnosis, as risk factors for transitioning from relapsing-remitting MS to secondary-progressive MS.
MS in Children
Up to 10 percent of MS cases are diagnosed in children and teens, according to the MS International Federation. Although MS in children is generally understood to be the same disease as MS in adults, there are some key differences.
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