How Does the Immune System Fight Off Threats to the Brain?

For the first time, the scientists managed to capture that reaction in action, showing how certain immune cells locked onto a model of virus-infected brain cells, while also sending signals to neighboring uninfected cells to let them know about the immune attack.

The findings may help research on how the brain fights off viruses and tumors. It also aids the search for ways to harness the immune response to attack and kill brain tumor cells — or to calm the overzealous self-attack that occurs in people with certain autoimmune diseases.

Published online April 30 in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the findings illuminate how cells called CD8+ T cells, or “killer” T cells, carry out their police-like role. Pedro Lowenstein, M.D., Ph.D., professor in the Department of Neurosurgery at the U-M Medical School, led the research team.

He explains that the research yields new insight into the nature of the “gasket” that forms between killer T cells and their target cells, i.e., infected — or tumor — cells. Killer T cells go after cells when they detect the presence of foreign proteins, called antigens, on the cell surface.

The gasket-like structure creates an area between the two cells called an immunological synapse — and has been thought of by some scientists as a tight seal. Studies, including previous ones by Lowenstein’s team, have suggested that it allows the killer T cell to lock on to its target and bombard it first with molecules called cytokines, and then with chemicals that break down the infected cell and kill it.

But other scientists have shown that when killer T cells are attacking infected cells, the cytokines they release seem to cause a reaction in many neighboring, uninfected cells — suggesting a very open connection. These latter studies question the role of immunological synapses.

Using a unique live-cell imaging technique developed by the team, the new results show that the gasket connection focuses the T cell attack on the infected cell, but is leaky. This creates a two-tier response when a killer T cell goes after an infection.

“The T cell targets the infected cell preferentially, but it also secretes cytokines that reach a number of other cells in the neighborhood,” says Lowenstein. “The immunological synapse fails to restrict how far cytokines can spread.”

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